May 1, 1969

Dr. Alexander Hollaender

Biology Division Oak Ridge

National Laboratory P. 0. Box Y

Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830

Dear Dr. Hollaender:

I thank you for sending me the information about the Environmental Mutagen Society.

I have written to the Secretary for a membership application form.

With best regards, I am

Sincerely yours,

Linus Pauling

LP:jj

May 5, 1969

Dr. Arthur Cherkin

Psyche-biology Research

Veterans Administration Hospital

Dear Art:

Thanks for your letter abut [sic] "anomalous" water. I have followed this subject over the past couple of years. I have some discussion of the Russian work as published in the European notes of the Office of Naval Research several months ago and a month or two ago. It has been my own feeling that the so called anomalous water was water containing some dissolved salts from the glass, I think that it is stated that the anomalous water can be evaporated and condensed, and that the condensate is anomalous water. This statement would, I think, eliminate the explanation, if it were true. The explanation of the formation of anomalous water in quartz capillaries may be what you suggest, namely, that the quartz is not pure silicate.

There was a rather silly suggestion about the molecular structure in Nature (or perhaps Science) a month or two ago—-a special sort of hydrogen-bonded polymer.

I have not felt that I had any ideas about anomalous water original enough to justify publication. Your experience at Baxter may well justify you to publish a note on the subject.

Sincerely,

Linus Pauling

LP:jj

May 12, 1969

Dr. Gustav Albrecht

271 East Loma Alta Drive

Altadena, Calif. 91001

Dear Gus:

In connection with a lecture that I am to give, I should like to have some statistical information about distribution of income in different countries.

I have a good bit of information about the United States. I remember also that when we were in Chile I learned (possibly not reliably) that 10 percent of the national income is distributed among 90 perceat of the people, who accordingly receive only 11 percent of the amount that would result from equal distribution.

I have not been able to find any information about the distribution of income among people of different occupations or situations in the Soviet Union. I remember that the president of the Academy of Sciences was described as having the largest income, corresponding to $40,000 per year (perhaps on an incorrect evaluation of the old ruble). Would you see if you could get information of this sort for me, hopefully within the next two weeks? I should like to know something about Thailand, also—how much of the gross national product does the major group of citizens receive?

Best regards.

Sincerely,

LP:JJ

May 15, 1969

Dr. Peter J. Pauling

Flat 11

1/S Hornton St.

London W8

England

Dear Peter:

Thanks for your letter, with news about the Oxford English Dictionary.

Mama and I have bought a house in the neighborhood of Stanford University. It has a lot of bookshelves, and I suggest that you mail the new dictionary, volume by volume, to me at Chemistry Dept., Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.

We have bought a rather interesting house (the sale is not yet concluded, because it hasn't gone through escrow, but there seems little doubt that it will go through). It is in the hills southwest of Stanford, approximately five miles from the lab. I think that it is in the city of Portola Valley. It has 2.4 acres of land, shaped almost exactly like the Fairpoint property, and with a house with a bend in it, again with a slight resemblance to the Fairpoint property. We are to move in on about 15 June.

Mama seems to be better pleased with the idea of being at Stanford than she has been here in La Jolla, but I think that she would like to move permanently to the ranch, before many years.

The Chemistry Department at Stanford is rather crowded. I shall have one lab there, for the work on schizophrenia, approximately the size of the lab here. I think that this work has been going along well. We now have some new results on 35 chronic schizophrenics at Patton State Hospital. They were tested for three vitamins. Of the total of 105 tests, 22 came out abnormally low. Fourteen patients were abnormally low in one vitamin, and four in two. I think that this is good evidence against the rather generally accepted idea that the low values found for schizophrenics were to be attributed to malnutrition, because I would expect the malnourished patients to be low in all three vitamins, and we found none in that category.

We probably shall change the nature of our schizophrenia work somewhat at Stanford. Art Robinson is going along with me. The Biology Department here got him to accept a one-year leave of absence from his appointment as assistant professor. My theoretical assistant, Dr. Ian Keaveny, is also going along, as well as two graduate students, John Blethen and Margaret Blethen. Art and Ian and I have just finished a paper on the low-temperature form of molecular fluorine correcting a pretty poor paper published by Barrett and coworkers. It came out quite nicely. John Blethen is working on the general problem of magnetic moments of molecules. I have a second note on this subject in press, and hope that a more thorough analysis will give some interesting results. I think that I shall have Ian Keaveny do some more x-ray work, using experimental intensities from the literature (in papers where I think the authors have made a mistake). Also, we have some powder photographs of some of our own preparations, the powder photographs having been made by the Geology Department at CIT. Ian is also asking some quantum mechanical calculations about bonding.

Your mail to us should be addressed to Stanford after 15 June.

I don't know about any jobs in the United States, but I am sure that there are plenty of them. I suggest that you ought to teach general chemistry. It is hard to find enthusiastic teachers of general chemistry, who can hold the interest of the students, and many universities would probably be glad to grab you up for a job of this sort. The old fashioned laboratory is on its way out. The teaching of qualitative analysis is being dropped, and there is less emphasis on laboratory for general chemistry in the better universities than there used to be. Linda said a few days ago that Jurg Wasser seemed to be unhappy, and she thought that this might be in part the result of the decision of the Department of Chemistry at CIT to cut down on the freshman lab in chemistry in a very significant way. I think that you have a good background for handling general chemistry.

I do not think that the problem of getting grants is as serious as you suggest. The people in NIH and NSF have in mind that young men need to be supported.

I look forward to talking with you about the structural problems that you mention in your letter, especially about angles around single bonds.

Mama and I are still uncertain about our travel plans for the summer. I am speaking on 13 August at Stony Brook (the crystallographic meeting). Then about 17 August or 20 August we shall probably fly to London, to visit you for a few days. We want to go to Oslo. We are required to be at a meeting in Bellagio, north of Milan, from 10 September to 14 September, and in Stockholm from 14 to 20 September, and shall probably fly to Stanford on 20 September or 21 September. Is the period around 20 August satisfactory to you for us to visit you?

Much love from,

Daddy

May 20, 1969

Mr. Albert J. Lipson

Assembly General Research Committee

California Legislature

Room 320

State Capitol

Sacremento, California

Dear Mr. Lipson:

I am pleased to learn from your letter about the plan of the California State Assembly of establishing a Science Advisory Council.

I feel that this is a wise move. Many problems that the California State Assembly must consider are closely related in one way or another to science, and the rate of development of science and technology has been so great recently that it is difficult for anyone to keep up with it.

I am in the process of moving to Stanford University, where I shall be Professor of Chemistry after 1 July 1969. I shall content myself at the present time with telling you that I strongly favor this action of the California State Assembly.

LP:jj

May 28, 1969

TO: John Blethen

FROM: Linus Pauling

SUBJECT: Calculations on Nuclear Structure

I suggest that during the next month or two you make an attack on the structure of polyhelionic nuclei, somewhat along the lines of the one that you carried out nearly two years ago.

Let us assume an interaction energy between pairs of helions with the form of the Morse function. The three parameters of the Morse function are to me evaluated by comparison of calculated and observed energy levels for the lighter polyhelionic nuclei, from carbon-12 on. For carbon 12, for example, the normal state energy has to be corrected for the zero-state vibrational energy, with the frequencies calculated by a normal coordinate treatment. It is possible that the first excited state, 2+, at 4.433, is a rotational state around an axis of symmetry in the plane of the triangle, and that the level 14.05 is the next rotational state around this axis, 4+. These rotational states would give the value of the distance between helions corresponding to the minimum in the Morse function. Presumably the rotational levels should be corrected for centrifugal stretching of the molecule, as determined by the curvature of the Morse function.

The 0+ level at 7.656 Mev may correspond to the breathing vibration.

Similar calculations may be carried out for 0 16.

In each case there is a reported 3- level, which may correspond to rotation around a three fold axis.

A possible complication that has occurred to me, as a result of some preliminary calculations is that

For example, the 3- level for 0 16 lies about 30 percent below that for carbon 12, corresponding to a larger moment of inertia. Our simple picture would make the moment of inertia the same, namely that for a triangle of helions. If there is a good bit of resonance of the sort described above, it would decrease the moment of inertia for carbon 12 and increase that for 0 16, perhaps in a way to account for the difference.

Similar calculations should be made for neon 20, with the assumption that the structure of the normal state is that of the trigonal bipyramid. The first excited state is 2+, and there is a 4» state higher up (perhaps at 5.631). These rotational states the first excited vibrational states, symmetric and antisymmetric, along the symmetry axis occur.

I suggest leaving magnesium 24 for consideration later. There is no doubt in my mind that this has a structure of orthorhombic, and that it is not a regular octahedron. When we do discuss the structure we might find that the octahedral structure.

Similar calculations should be made for silicon 28, with the configuration of the pentagonal bipyramid. The first excited state, 2+,and the second excited state, probably 4+, corresponds to rotation around an axis perpendicular to the five fold axis.

I have found that the helion-helion distances do not come out with nearly the same values for these different nuclei when the rotational states are calculated for a rigid oscillator. Perhaps there will be greater constancy when centrifugal stretching is taken into consideration.

The goal in this work would be to find a single Morse function that would account in a moderately satisfactory way for a number of the energy levels of the polyhelionic nuclei, and that would agree also with the observed energies of formation in the normal state from separate helions.

As a further possible application I would suggest that the 0+ excited state for calcium at 3.35 Mev (the first excited state) may correspond to a structure in which there are two interpenetrating pentagonal bipyramids, with the normal state being one in which there is a central helion surrounded by 9 helions. The rotational levels of the prolate structure (the two inter- , penetrating pentagonal bipyramids) should lie rather close, corresponding to the large moment of inertia.

For the lighter elements we might be able to predict energies of certain unusual excited states, such as with 3 helions in a row for carbon 12 and 4 helions in a row for oxygen 16. Another possibility is a rhomb (a planar structure) for oxygen 16. There are some sequences of energy levels reported for some of these lighter atoms in which the spacing is quite small, corresponding to a very moment of inertia, such as might be explained by these structures. The assignment of structures such as these to the excited levels would be made-with greater confidence if we could predict the values of the energy levels from the general treatment that we may hope to develop.

Linus Pauling

PS Later on, I think, we should discuss the structure of polyhelionic nuclei in the neighborhood of iron 52, in which presumably there are 2 helions in the core of a structure with prolate deformation.

May 28, 1969

Dr. Peter J. Pauling

Chemistry Department

University College London

Cover Street WC 1 London,

England

Dear Peter:

I have seen the announcements that the third volume of the autobiography of Bertrand Russell is available now in England. It will not be published in the United States for several months, and I would like you to buy a copy and mail it to us, at Stanford, so that Mama can read it without a long delay.

We are very busy moving. Also, the University is having trouble with the Governor and the authorities generally. Last week I spoke to 2500 students and faculty here at UCSD, along with other speakers, some of whom advocated striking against the police brutality in Berkeley, which led to injuries of about 100 students and other people and death of one, and others of whom advocated not doing anything at UCSD until the police attack here. Day before yesterday I flew up to Sacramento, and spoke at a gathering of 10,000 students from UC Davis and the other branches of the University. It is clear that the establishment is going to try to suppress free speech in the University.

We expect to move to Stanford about 12 June.

Much love from,

Daddy