A selection of primary and secondary source materials that provide deeper context for the issues and events discussed on this site.

Abir-Am, Pnina. 1982. "The Discourse of Physical Power and Biological Knowledge in the 1930s: A Reappraisal of the Rockefeller Foundation's 'Policy' in Molecular Biology." Social Studies of Science 12:341-82.

Abir-Am, Pnina. 1987. "Synergy or Clash: Disciplinary and Marital Strategies in the Career of Mathematical Biologist Dorothy Wrinch." In Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives, edited by Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

"Artificial Antibodies." 1942. Journal of the American Medical Association 119:1376-77.

Astbury, W. T. 1953. "Introduction to a Discussion on the Structure of Proteins." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London [B] 141:1—9.

Astbury, W. T. 1936. "X-Ray Studies of Protein Structure." Nature 141:803.

Bartels, Ditta. 1984. "The Rockefeller Foundation's Funding Policy for Molecular Biology: Success or Failure?" Social Studies of Science 14:238-43.

Beadle, George. 1955. "Portrait of a Scientist." Engineering and Science XVIII: 11-14.

Bernal, J. D. 1939. "The Structure of Proteins." Nature 143:663.

Bernal, J. D. 1953. "The Use of Fourier Transforms in Protein Crystal Analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London [B] 141:71-85.

Bernal, J. D. 1968. "The Pattern of Linus Pauling's Work in Relation to Molecular Biology." In Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology, edited by Alexander Rich and Norman Davidson. San Francisco: Freeman.

Campbell, Dan H. 1968. "Antibody Formation: From Ehrlich to Pauling and Return." In Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology, edited by Alexander Rich and Norman Davidson. San Francisco: Freeman.

Cowan, P. M., and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. 1953. "Some Observations on Peptide Chain Models in Relation to Crystallographic Data for Gramicidin B and Insulin." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London [B] 141:89-92.

Crick, Francis. 1952. "Is Alpha-Keratin a Coiled Coil?" Nature 170:882-83.

Cruikshank, D. W. J. 1992. "Time-Resolved Macromolecular Crystallography: Introductory Remarks and a Little History." In Time-Resolved Macromolecular Crystallography. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press.

Dunitz, Jack. 1991. "From Quantum Mechanics to Biochemistry: Homage to Linus Pauling." Croatica Chemica Acta 64:1-111.

Edelstein, Stuart J. 1986. The Sickled Cell: From Myths to Molecules. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Edsall, J. T. 1952. "Some Comments on Proteins and Protein Structure." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London [B] 141:97-103.

Edsall, J. T. 1979. "The Development of the Physical Chemistry of Proteins, 1898-1940." In The Origins of Modern Biochemistry, A Retrospect on Proteins, edited by P. R. Srinivisan, Joseph Fruton, and John T. Edsall. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Fischer, Ernst Peter, and Carol Lipson. 1988. Thinking About Science: Max Delbriick and the Origins of Molecular Biology. New York: Norton.

Fosdick, Raymond B. 1952. The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Fruton, Joseph. 1972. Molecules and Life. New York: Wiley.

Fuerst, John A. 1984. "The Definition of Molecular Biology and the Definition of Policy: The Role of the Rockefeller Foundation's Policy for Molecular Biology." Social Studies of Science 14:225-37.

Gray, George. 1949. "Pauling and Beadle." Scientific American 180 (5): 16-21.

Haurowitz, Felix, et al. 1946. "The Mutual Precipitation of Proteins and Azoproteins." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 11:515-20.

Hager, Thomas. 1995. Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Heidelberger, Michael. 1969. "Karl Landsteiner." Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences XL: 177-86.

Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot. 1979. "Crystallographic Measurements and the Structure of Protein Molecules as They Are." In The Origins of Modern Biochemistry, A Retrospect on Proteins, edited by P. R. Srinivisan, Joseph Fruton, and John T. Edsall. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Itano, Harvey, and Linus Pauling. 1949. "A Rapid Diagnostic Test for Sickle Cell Anemia." Blood 4:66-68.

Judson, Horace. 1979. The Eighth Day of Creation. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Kabat, Elvin. 1943. "Immunochemistry of the Proteins." Journal of Immunology 47:513-87.

Kasha, Michael, and Bernard Pullman, eds. 1962. Horizons in Biochemistry. New York: Academic Press.

Kay, Lily E. 1987. "Cooperative Individualism and the Growth of Molecular Biology at the California Institute of Technology, 1928-1953." Ph.D. diss., John Hopkins University.

Kay, Lily E. 1989. "Selling Pure Science in Wartime: The Biochemical Genetics of G.W. Beadle." Journal of the History of Biology 22:73-101.

Kay, Lily E. 1989. "Molecular Biology and Pauling's Immunochemistry: A Neglected Dimension." History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 11:211-19.

Kay, Lily E. 1993. The Molecular Vision of Life. New York: Oxford University Press.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1990. "Physics and the Emergence of Molecular Biology: A History of Cognitive and Political Synergy." Journal of the History of Biology 23:389-409.

Kendrew, John. 1966. The Thread of Life. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Kendrew, John. 1969. "Physics, Molecular Structure, and Biological Function." In Biology and the Physical Sciences, edited by Samuel Devons. New York: Columbia University Press.

Kohler, Robert. 1979. "Warren Weaver and the Rockefeller Foundation Program in Molecular Biology: A Case Study in the Management of Science." In The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives, edited by Nathan Reingold. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Landsteiner, Karl. 1936. The Specificity of Serological Reactions. Springfield, 111.: Thomas.

Landsteiner, Karl, and A. Rothen. 1939. "Adsorption of Antibodies by Egg Albumin Films." Science 90:65-66.

Lehmann, H., and R. G. Huntsman. 1966. Man's Haemoglobins. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing.

MacArthur, lan. 1953. "The Pauling-Corey Models and Fibrous Proteins." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London [B] 141:33-39.

Mazumdar, Pauline. 1989. "Working Out the Theory." In Immunology 1930-1980, edited by Pauline Mazumdar. Toronto: Wall and Thompson.

Morrison, J. L. 1953. "The Nonspecific Precipitation of Proteins by Polyhaptenic Dyes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 31:216-26.

Mulliken, Robert S. 1965. "Molecular Scientists and Molecular Science: Some Reminiscences." Journal of Chemical Physics 43:82-11.

Olby, Robert. 1984. "The Sheriff and the Cowboys: or Weaver's Support of Astbury and Pauling." Social Studies of Science 14:244-47.

Pauling, Linus. 1935. "The Oxygen Equilibrium of Hemoglobin and Its Structural Interpretation." Science 81:421.

Pauling, Linus. 1940. "A Theory of die Structure and Process of Formation of Antibodies." Journal of the American Chemical Society 62:2643-57.

Pauling, Linus. 1945. "Molecular Structure and Intermolecular Forces." In The Specificity of Serological Reactions by Karl Landsteiner, 2d ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Pauling, Linus. 1946. "Analogies between Antibodies and Simpler Chemical Substances." Chemical and Engineering News 24:1064.

Pauling, Linus. 1947. "Molecular Architecture and Medical Progress." In The Scientists Speak, edited by Warren Weaver. New York: Boni and Gaer.

Pauling, Linus. 1948a. "Antibodies and Specific Biological Forces." Endeavour 7:43-53.

Pauling, Linus. 1948b. Molecular Architecture and the Processes of Life. Nottingham, Eng.: Sir Jesse Boot Foundation

Pauling, Linus. 1948c. "Molecular Structure and Biological Specificity." Chemistry and Industry (suppl.: XI International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry): 1-4.

Pauling, Linus. 1948d. "The Nature of Forces between Large Molecules of Biological Interest." Nature 161:707-9.

Pauling, Linus. 1950. "Structural Chemistry in Relation to Biology and Medicine." Medical Arts and Sciences 4:84-88.

Pauling, Linus. 1955. "Abnormality of Hemoglobin Molecules in Hereditary Hemolytic Anemias." Vol. 49 of The Harvey Lectures. New York: Academic Press.

Pauling, Linus. 1970. "Fifty Years of Progress in Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology." Daedalus, Fall, pp. 988-1014.

Pauling, Linus. 1974. "The Molecular Basis of Biological Specificity." Nature 248:769-71.

Pauling, Linus. 1986. "Early Days of Molecular Biology in the California Institute of Technology." Annual Review of Biophysics and Chemistry 15:1-9.

Pauling, Linus. 1990. "Research Landmarks: Molecular Architecture and Biological Reactions." Journal of NIH Research 2:59-64.

Pauling, Linus, and George Beadle. 1953. "Chemical Biology at the California Institute of Technology: A Statement Submitted to the Rockefeller Foundation in Support of an Application for Continued Financial Support." Typescript grant request, OSU.

Pauling, Linus, and Robert B. Corey. 1950. "Two Hydrogen-Bonded Spiral Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain." Journal of the American Chemical Society 72:5349.

Pauling, Linus, and Robert B. Corey. 1951. "Configurations of Polypeptide Chains." Nature 68:550-51.

Pauling, Linus, and Robert B. Corey. 1952. "The Lotmar-Picken X-ray Diagram of Dried Muscle." Nature 169:494-95.

Pauling, Linus, Robert B. Corey, and H. R. Branson. 1951. "The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 37:205-10.

Pauling, Linus, Robert B. Corey, and Roger Hayward. 1954. "The Structure of Protein Molecules." Scientific American 191:51.

Pauling, Linus, and Charles Coryell. 1936. "The Magnetic Properties and Structure of Hemoglobin, Oxyhemoglobin and Carbonmonoxyhemoglobin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 22:210—16.

Pauling, Linus, Harvey A. Itano, S. J. Singer, and Ibert C. Wells. 1949. "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease." Science 110:543-48.

Pauling, Linus, and Carl Niemann. 1939. "The Structure of Proteins." Journal of the American Chemical Society 61:1860-67.

Perutz, Max. 1951. "New X-Ray Evidence on the Configuration of Polypeptide Chains." Nature 167:1053-54.

Pullman, Albert, and Bernard Pullman. 1962. "From Quantum Chemistry to Quantum Biochemistry." In Horizons in Biochemistry, edited by Michael Kasha and Bernard Pullman. New York: Academic Press.

Rich, Alexander, and Norman Davidson, eds, 1968, Structural Chemistry and Molecular Biology. San Francisco: Freeman.

Senechal, Marjorie. 1977. "A Prophet Without Honor: Dorothy Wrinch, Scientist, 1894-1976." Smith Alumnae Quarterly, April, pp. 18-23.

Silverstein, Arthur M. 1989. A History of Immunology. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.

Snow, C. P. 1964. "J. D. Bernal, A Personal Portrait." In The Science of Science, edited - by Maurice Goldsmith and Alan Mackay. London: Souvenir Press.

Srinivasan, P. R., Joseph S. Fruton, and John T. Edsall, eds. 1979. The Origins of Modern Biochemistry, A Retrospect on Proteins. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Talmadge, David W. 1989. "Is This Theory Really Necessary?" In Immunology 1930-1980, edited by Pauline Mazumdar. Toronto: Wall and Thompson.

Thomas, John M., and Sir David Phillips, eds. 1990. Selections and Reflections: The Legacy of Sir Lawrence Bragg. Northwood, England: Science Reviews, Ltd.

Wrinch, Dorothy. 1939. "The Structure of Globular Proteins." Nature 143:482.